Manned Lunar Landing And Return
ISBN 9781926837420

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Manned Lunar Landing And Return
by Robert Godwin

Even fifty years later there are still important stories waiting to be told about how humans first walked on another world; such as the one in this book.

Take a trip back to the 1950s when the Chance Vought Company, builders of some of America's top fighter aircraft, were quietly figuring out how to get men to the moon using something they called Project MALLAR.

It is the story of a team of engineers who built some of the most sophisticated space simulators in the world, where almost all of the Mercury and Gemini astronauts learned the art of spaceflight. This same team produced the first serious plan to use modular spacecraft and a technique called Lunar Orbit Rendezvous to make it possible to get to the moon.

This book also reveals how for several years rocket genius Wernher von Braun overlooked his own ideas, before having them reintroduced back to him because of Project MALLAR, and how Vought's fighter aircraft weaved in and out of the Apollo story and then contributed to almost every major airliner in the sky today.

Included are rare illustrations, some from recently declassified reports, of the earliest designs for the rockets and spacecraft that led to the greatest technological achievement in human history.

In Manned Lunar Landing And Return, Robert Godwin takes the reader back to the time long before President Kennedy made his famous proclamation to reach for the moon and reveals one critical thread in the trail of genius which ended in the Sea of Traquility.

"Reads like a novel. Replete with new discoveries. This book is seminal." BIS Spaceflight May 2019


Index

Symbols

2001: A Space Odyssey 85, 120

A

A-7A light attack aircraft 125

AAS (American Astronautical Society) 10, 16, 27, 28, 78, 79, 83, 84, 85, 89, 92, 100, 113, 116, 120, 129

AAS Lunar Space Flight Symposium 89

ABMA (Army Ballistic Missile Agency) 2, 14, 15, 25, 48, 55, 59, 60, 67, 79, 84, 85, 86, 87, 91, 128, 129

ACES (automatic controls evaluation simulator ) 98

Advanced Research Projects Agency 14

Aero Club 41

AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics) 120, 124, 131

Airesearch 61

Aldrin, Buzz 5, 118, 119

AMAL (Aviation Medical Acceleration Laboratory) 16, 51, 53, 54, 118

American Machine and Foundry 61, 87

Apollo 1, 5, 6, 18, 30, 47, 54, 60, 61, 70, 71, 72, 77, 78, 86, 87, 88, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 118, 119, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 130, 131

Apollo 1 122

Apollo 11 72, 118, 122, 123, 126, 127

Apollo 15 72, 127

Apollo Rendezvous Phase 95

Arago (launch vehicle) 27, 94

Armstrong, Neil 5, 10, 17, 19, 22, 31, 83, 103, 118, 126

Army Ballistic Missile Agency 14, 24, 28, 40, 42, 84

ARP (Apollo Rendezvous Phase) 95

ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) 14, 24, 25, 45, 47, 48, 79

automatic controls evaluation simulator 98

Aviation Medical Acceleration Laboratory 16, 50

B

BC2720 (launch vehicle) 94

Bell 22, 40, 61, 118

Big B (launch vehicle) 27

Bilodeau, J.W. 81, 103, 124, 129

Bird, John 10, 71, 95, 101, 102, 104, 105, 108, 123, 130

BIS (British Interplanetary Society) 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 76

Blue Scout (launch vehicle) 87

Boeing 14, 17, 56, 57, 66, 103, 104, 127

Boushey, Gen. Homer 41, 44, 128

Boyce, William 54, 124, 129, 130

Braun, Wernher von 6, 14, 15, 16, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 36, 37, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 67, 78, 79, 82, 83, 86, 89, 91, 92, 93, 96, 101, 104, 107, 108, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 122, 123, 128, 130, 131

British Interplanetary Society 27, 34, 38, 39, 41, 99, 128

Brown, Clinton 8, 51, 76, 77, 81, 89, 103

Brown, John L. 51

Buchan, J.S. 103, 130

BUWEPREP (Bureau of Naval Weapons Representative) 77

C

Canright, Richard 25, 124

Cape Canaveral 45, 107, 108

Carpenter, Scott 118

Cavendish, Henry 39

Cernan, Eugene 122

Chaffee, Roger 122

Chamberlin, James 89

Chance Vought Aircraft Company 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 42, 49, 50, 59, 61, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76, 78, 87, 91, 92, 93, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 108, 111, 112, 114, 124, 125, 129, 130

Chariots for Apollo 60, 61, 77, 107, 131

Clark, John Russell 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 41, 49, 50, 58, 59, 60, 61, 65, 70, 76, 77, 81, 84, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129

Class IV (launch vehicle) 14, 15, 24, 44, 93

Class V (launch vehicle) 44, 96, 114

Cleator, Philip 35

Cline, Randall 21, 130

Cole, Dandridge 15, 16, 49, 96, 128

Collier trophy 10

Collins Radio 61

Conquest of Planetary Space 34

Conrad, Charles 118

Corsair fighter 5, 7, 10, 124, 125

Corsair II fighter 125

Cortright, Edgar 8, 79, 83, 129

Costing Methodology and the Program Costs for a Manned Lunar Landing and Return Mission - Project MALLAR 92, 129

Crenshaw, Jack 82, 129

Crossfield, Scott 8, 9

Crusader fighter 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 42, 49, 51, 52, 81, 103, 110, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127

D

Daddario, Emile 58, 59, 79, 84, 110

Deacon booster 9

Disher, John 8, 10, 55, 77, 81, 88, 101, 127, 129

Dolan, Thomas 59, 60, 61, 65, 70, 71, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 92, 95, 103, 107, 117, 119, 120, 124, 126, 129, 130

Donlan, Charles 8, 9, 10, 19, 81, 88, 125, 131

Dornberger, Walter 36, 40

Douglas Aircraft 16, 41, 85

Dryden, Hugh 8, 9, 15, 28, 44, 47, 58, 126, 127

DSKY 126, 127

Dyna-Soar 6, 17, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 40, 45, 49, 51, 52, 56, 57, 59, 65, 66, 67, 81, 83, 86, 87, 91, 92, 97, 98, 103, 107, 118, 125, 127, 129, 131

E

E-1 engine 25

Edwards Air Force Base 7, 8, 10, 12, 17, 21, 60, 85, 116, 118

Eisenhower, Pres. Dwight 14, 19, 41, 42, 43, 56, 93, 129

Engen, Donald 12, 17, 18, 131

Engle, Joe 118

Ertel, Ivan 71, 131

Esnault Pelterie, Robert 30, 40

Explorer 1 14, 24, 123, 124

F

F4U fighter 7

F7U fighter 8

F8U-3 fighter 7, 11, 18, 49, 65, 128

F8U Crusader fighter 7

Faget, Max 8, 10, 41, 72, 77, 81, 88, 89, 91, 98, 105, 110, 113, 114, 120

Farnborough 37, 38, 57

Firewel Corp 61

fixed-base space simulator 20

Fleisig, Ross 8, 10, 18, 28, 78, 90, 101, 103, 122, 123

fly-by-wire 37, 126, 127

Freedom 7 93

G

Gagarin, Yuri 70, 93

Ganswindt, Hermann 30

Gell, Charles 50, 54, 60, 83, 87, 92, 100, 119, 124, 129, 130

Gemini 51, 54, 82, 89, 118

General Electric 18, 61

GfW 24, 128

Gilruth, Robert 10, 15, 19, 24, 28, 72, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 88, 100, 125, 127

Glenn, John 10, 12, 104, 124, 125

Glennan, Keith 19, 44, 47, 55, 56, 59, 78, 79, 128, 129

Glushko, Valentin 30, 34

Goddard, Robert 30, 34, 35, 60, 81, 124

Goett, Harold 8, 9, 10, 41, 42, 78, 81, 88

Gordon, Richard 18

Grand Prairie, Texas 5, 8, 58

Gray, Edward 116

Grissom, Virgil 122

Grumman Aircraft Company 78, 89, 90, 100, 101, 103, 107, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123, 131

Guidelines for Advanced Manned Space Vehicle Program 83, 129

H

H-1 engine 25

Hall, Eldon 88

Hamilton Standard 61

Hansen, James 76, 77, 124, 131

Heaton, Donald H. 88, 89, 99

Heylandt, Paul 35, 36

Honeywell 61

Horizon, Project 26, 43, 48, 56, 60, 79, 83, 86, 107, 129, 131

Horner, Richard 10, 27, 41, 55, 78, 79, 85

Houbolt, John 38, 57, 60, 76, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 113, 117, 120, 122, 123, 129, 130, 131

Huntsville Alabama 14, 24, 26, 29, 40, 44, 45, 48, 55, 59, 67, 82, 84, 96, 99, 104, 107, 108, 122, 131

I

IAF (International Astronautical Federation) 40, 53

Iron Maiden 54

J

Jet Propulsion Laboratory 96

Johnsville 16, 27, 50, 83, 118

Jung, Dave 24

Juno V (launch vehicle) 24, 25, 27, 29, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 55, 56, 115, 124, 128, 131

Jupiter (launch vehicle) 25

K

Kelley, Onys 65, 66, 129

Kelly, Tom 123

Kennedy, President John 60, 70, 93, 94, 98, 113, 117, 125, 130

Kepler, Johannes 30

Kittinger, Joseph 56, 57

Kleinknecht, Ken 100

Koelle, Hermann 2, 5, 6, 24, 25, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 53, 56, 59, 60, 79, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 107, 113, 115, 120, 123, 124, 128, 129, 130, 131

Kondratyuk, Yuri 32, 38, 39, 71, 72, 117, 128, 131

Konrad, John 7, 8, 11, 22

Korolev, Sergei 30, 33, 34, 92

Kraft, Christopher 10, 12, 119

Kubrick, Stanley 85, 120

Kurbjun, Max 123

L

Lademann, Robert 33, 34, 40, 128

Lance missile 114

Lange, Harry K. 85, 98

Langley Field (NACA and NASA) 8, 10, 12, 14, 17, 19, 22, 27, 29, 38, 57, 58, 60, 61, 65, 66, 67, 71, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 87, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 110, 113, 115, 117, 120, 123, 124, 125, 129, 130, 131

Lau, Conrad 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 28, 40, 41, 49, 50, 59, 61, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 89, 91, 95, 100, 103, 107, 109, 115, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129

Lau Report 61, 67, 70, 71, 72, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 89, 109, 122, 126

Leitch, William 30

LEM (lunar excursion module) 109, 110, 116, 117, 131

Ley, Willy 34

Life Magazine 120, 122, 131

Lindbergh, Charles 124

Ling-Temco (Vought) Company 99, 107, 118, 121, 125, 127

Link 56

Littrow, Joseph 30

LLM (lunar landing module) 70, 72, 104, 117

Lockheed 78, 100, 107

Logsdon, John 123, 131

LOR (lunar orbit rendezvous) 31, 34, 39, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 82, 84, 85, 86, 89, 91, 92, 96, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 110, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 122, 123, 125, 130

Low, George 8, 37, 41, 77, 81, 87, 91, 113

Low Committee 91, 113

Low, Prof. Archibald 34, 35

LUMAN, Project 14, 27, 66, 94

Lunar Based Earth Bombardment System 27

Lunar Direct 26, 97

lunar landing module 69, 70, 102

Lunar Landing Training Vehicle 118

Lunar Landing Vehicle Helicopter Landing Simulation Study 119, 131

lunar mission module 70, 83

Lunar Observatory Study Program 27

Lunar-orbit Rendezvous and Manned Lunar Landing 104

Lunar Science Subcommittee 89, 101

Lundberg, Robert 65, 82, 129

Lunex (USAF) 93, 94

Luton, William 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 83, 87, 98, 118, 124, 126, 129, 130

M

M-1 (reentry vehicle) 66, 81

MALLAR, Project 1, 57, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 78, 81, 82, 84, 92, 93, 95, 97, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 120, 129

Mallick, Donald 49, 110, 118, 131

MALLIR, Project 95, 96, 97, 98, 101

Man-in-Space Soonest 14

Manned Lunar Landing and Return 2, 14, 70, 92, 93, 129

Manned Lunar Landing and Return Device 70

Manned Spacecraft Center 105, 106, 108, 113, 118

Manned Space Flight Committee Technical Program 119

Manned Space Stations Symposium 82

Marquandt Company 61

Marshall, Edmund 59, 65

Marshall Space Flight Center 5, 6, 67, 86, 92, 108

Mars Project (The) 40

Martin Company 15, 49, 110, 120

Maynard, Owen 101, 102, 103, 105, 110, 114, 130

Mayo, Alfred 16, 17, 28, 83, 91, 113, 120, 122, 124, 128, 130

McCall, Robert 120

McDivitt, James 118

Megaroc (launch vehicle) 38

Mercury 21, 22, 51, 54, 56, 76, 87, 89, 93, 95, 127

Military Requirement for a Moon Base 16

MISS (Man in Space Soonest) 14

MISSOPH (Man in Space Sophisticated) 94

MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 7, 125

modular 78, 81, 124, 129

module 100, 109, 117, 123, 130

Mojave desert 7, 8, 17, 19

moon base 26, 27, 41, 43, 49, 79, 86, 107, 120, 123, 131

MORAD (Manned Orbital Rendezvous and Docking) 95

Morse, Mary 71, 131

Muir, Donald 16

N

NACA 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22, 38, 58, 85, 128

NASA 5, 6, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 52, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132

NASC (National Aeronautics and Space Council) 94, 119

National Aeronautics and Space Council 94, 117

National Integrated Missile and Space Vehicle Development Program 14

Newton, Sir Isaac 30, 39, 80

North American Aviation Company 56, 58, 102, 104, 107, 108, 113, 130

Nova (launch vehicle) 41, 43, 44, 52, 53, 88, 96, 104, 107, 115, 116

O

Oberth, Hermann 30, 33, 35, 36

Optimum Survival Containment and Recovery 52

Ordway, Fredrick I. 84, 98

OSCAR 52

P

Packard Bell 61

PARD (Pilotless Aircraft Research Division) 10, 24, 72

Patuxent Naval Air Station 8

Petersen, Norman 8, 10, 28, 116, 128, 129, 130

Phantom F4H-1 17

Philco Company 61

Physiological And Psychological Considerations For Manned Space Flight 42, 129

Piland, Robert 84, 88, 127

Pilotless Aircraft Research Division 10, 71

Pioneer Central Company 61

Pirquet, Baron Guido von 38, 40

Preliminary Study of a Piloted Rendezvous Operation from the Lunar Surface to an Orbiting Space Vehicle 92

Program Costs for a Manned Space Station 82, 129

Program for Space Supremacy 16

Project Satellite 43

R

Raketentechnisches Forschungsinstitut 37

RAND Corporation 27, 41, 54, 66, 82

RCA Corporation 85

Redstone 19, 21, 93

Research Incorporated 61

Research Steering Committee on Manned Space Flight 41, 78

Riedel, Walter 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40

Roach, James 79, 92

Rocketdyne 18, 22

Rosen, Milton 41, 43, 44, 53, 96

Royal Aircraft Establishment 37

Ruppe, Harry 96, 99, 128, 130

Rynin, Nikolai 33, 39, 40, 128

S

Salter, Thomas 120, 124

Sänger, Eugen 37, 39, 40

Satellab 70, 71, 73, 75, 81, 82, 85, 96, 102, 103, 127

Saturn (launch vehicle) 6, 41, 55, 56, 59, 60, 81, 82, 83, 86, 93, 96, 99, 101, 107, 115, 124, 129

Saturn C-1 (launch vehicle) 83

Saturn C-2 (launch vehicle) 59, 96

Saturn C-3 (launch vehicle) 96, 101

Saturn C-5 (launch vehicle) 115

Schirra, Walter 118

Schmidt, Joseph 49

Schriever, Gen. Bernard 14, 67

Scott, B.C. 103

Scout (launch vehicle) 22, 24, 28, 29, 44, 49, 50, 52, 57, 72, 79, 83, 84, 87, 91, 95, 124, 129, 131

Second Symposium on Physics & Medicine of the Atmosphere & Space 27

See, Elliott M. 118

Shargei, Alexander 3, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 46, 116, 120, 125, 128, 131

Shea, Joseph 103, 104, 108

Shepard, Alan B. 93

Sibila, Alfred 8, 59, 78, 92, 116, 119, 124

Silverstein, Abe 15, 28, 44, 45, 47, 48, 55, 59, 60, 61, 65, 67, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 84, 87, 92, 113, 127, 129

Sisk, Congressman B.F. 59, 67, 79, 85

Smith, Ralph 38, 39, 40, 99, 130

Space Act 27, 93, 94

Space Cabin Design 16, 128

Spaceflight magazine 44, 91, 131

space station 16, 24, 26, 38, 40, 43, 44, 45, 49, 57, 58, 60, 70, 79, 80, 81, 85, 116, 132

Space Task Group 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 28, 60, 76, 81, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91, 97, 102, 124, 125, 129

Special Committee on Space Technology 14

Sperry Gyroscope Company 8, 10, 11, 18, 28, 78, 87, 103, 116, 130

Sputnik 14, 20, 24, 33, 131

Stafford, Thomas 122

Stalin, Joseph 34

Stapp, Col. John Paul 52, 56

Starkey, D.G. 18, 42, 100

Stone, Ralph 95, 123

Structural Loads Committee 8, 116

study requirement 49756 27

Stuhlinger, Ernst 25, 44, 47, 101, 128, 129

Summary Brochure (Vought) 77

Sundstrand Turbo Company 61

Super Crusader fighter 7, 8, 9, 11, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 49, 127

System 499 27

T

Teague, Congressman Olin 58, 59, 65, 79, 84, 104, 115, 116, 119, 124

The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology Volume 1 71, 131

Thompson, Allen B. 42, 51, 53, 59, 60, 85, 100, 118, 119, 120, 124, 126, 129, 130

Thompson, Floyd 89

Thompson, G.V.E. 39

three axes wrist controller 54, 118

Tiesenhausen, George von 107

Titan (launch vehicle) 15, 29, 44

To Whomsoever Will Read in Order to Build 31, 128

Trinidad 7, 124

Tsander, Friedrich 31

Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin 30, 33, 34

U

United Aircraft & Transportation Corporation 5

United Controls Corp 61

U.S. Air Force 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 40, 41, 44, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 67, 83, 85, 86, 87, 91, 93, 99, 103, 107, 116, 118, 125, 128, 130

U.S. Lunar Travel Program 88

V

V2 (launch vehicle) 37, 38

Valier, Max 30, 33, 35, 36, 37

van Allen, James 72

Vanguard 19, 44, 129

Verein für Raumschiffahrt 34

Vogeley, Arthur W. 92, 101, 105, 120, 123

Vostok 93

W

Walker, Joe 8

Weapon System 464L (Dyna-Soar) 14, 17

Weisner, Jerome 115, 116

Westcott rocket facility U.K. 38

Westinghouse Company 61

While, Donald M. 81

Whisenhunt, Garland 85, 100, 113, 120, 124, 129, 130

Whitaker, Arnold 90, 123

White, Edward H. 118

White, Stanley 84

Williams, Frank 2, 6, 24, 25, 26, 27, 42, 43, 48, 49, 56, 60, 123, 124, 129, 131,

Willment, David 104

Working Group on Vehicular Program 14

Wright Air Development Division 56

X

X-14 22

X-15 22, 51

X-20 17, 67, 91, 107

Y

Yeager, Chuck 6

York, Herbert 79

Young, John 118

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